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Friday, August 31, 2012
Mystery of operon evolution probed
ScienceDaily (Aug. 30, 2012) ? The threads of an evolutionary mystery that dates to the birth of molecular biology are beginning to unravel, thanks to a new investigation by computational bioengineers at Rice University and the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.
In new research published online this week in PLoS Computational Biology, Rice's Oleg Igoshin and MD Anderson's Christian Ray offer a possible explanation for the existence of jointly controlled clusters of genes called operons, which are found in bacterial chromosomes but not in those of higher order organisms like humans.
The new study harkens to one of the earliest 20th-century discoveries in molecular biology, and it could help clear 21st-century hurdles for synthetic biologists.
In the early 1960s, just as scientists were discovering how cells transcribed information from DNA to create the necessary proteins for life, French scientists Jacques Monod and Fran?ois Jacob found that the bacterium Escherichia coli used three specialized genes to create the proteins it needed to break down and digest lactose. They also found that these three metabolic genes were switched on and off together from a single control point.
Monod and Jacob had discovered the first operon, a set of multiple genes that are controlled as one. It marked the first time that scientists had identified a gene regulatory network, and it earned them a share of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Monod and Jacob's lac operon turned out to be the first of many bacterial operons. But by the late 1960s, it was clear that operons weren't the biological norm. None have ever been found in humans, for instance, and very few have been identified in multicellular organisms.
"There's never been a definitive explanation for why nature would preferentially select for operons in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes," said Igoshin, associate professor of bioengineering at Rice. "In addition, we do not know how genes get grouped into operons. Why, for example, are some interacting genes selected to be in one operon while others are not?"
Igoshin and Ray are computational bioengineers who apply mathematics and computational bioinformatics to study cell signaling and other biochemical processes. Ray, a former Rice postdoctoral research associate in Igoshin's research group, is now in the Department of Systems Biology at MD Anderson. Ray and Igoshin began investigating operons in late 2009 to determine whether their evolution might have been influenced by the "noisy" nature of biochemical signals that regulate bacterial gene transcription.
"When a cell is responding to its environment, it can use regulators to control gene expression, but the amount of control that the cell has is limited by the number of molecules like messenger RNAs, which mediate protein production," Ray said. "So, in bacteria, the number of copies of a protein expressed by a gene can vary widely, say from 50 one hour to 100 the next. And this happens even when conditions outside the cell have not changed."
Igoshin and Ray knew that these random fluctuations were less of an issue for eukaryotic cells, which have larger volumes and more copies of messenger RNA and proteins. So they hypothesized that operons play a role in helping bacteria deal with these "noisy" conditions.
To test their idea, they developed a series of mathematical models of gene networks that could be run on a computer rather than on cell cultures, as well as statistical tests that could be performed using the information accumulated in bioinformatic databases.
Their mathematical models of gene networks covered six different types of protein-protein interactions. For each interaction type, they compared how operons affected noise in networks encoded by the member genes. For three of the six networks, operons worked to suppress noise. For the other three, they worked to increase noise. The findings from the simulations therefore suggested that operons could reduce the detrimental effects of noisy signals in some gene regulatory networks, but not others.
To further test the idea, Igoshin and Ray examined the operon organization of the E. coli genome. They found operons were frequent when the type of interaction that they encoded worked to suppress noise. When the encoded interaction did not suppress noise, operons were infrequent.
"Operons that emerged in the course of evolution in E. coli are consistent with selection for noise suppression and selection against noise amplification," Igoshin said.
The study also suggested why specific genes might be found in a specific operon.
"Certain genes perform much better when they're controlled as a unit, particularly if they produce co-ingredients that are required in proportional amounts," Ray said. "In the simulations, when these were split up and put onto separate operons, the inherent noise in the control signals would create a situation where the cell had way too much or too little of one co-product. In some cases, this is just inefficient, but in others the buildups could be toxic."
Ray and Igoshin said the study has implications for synthetic biologists who are trying to imbue cells with new biological functions not found in nature.
"For example, if you need to take multiple enzymes from different species and put them into a bacterium -- something that was done recently to produce a low-cost anti-malaria drug -- it might be easier to take them separately and put them into different parts of the chromosome," Igoshin said. "What this new finding shows is that there may be a cost for that in terms of overall fitness of the organism. Nature sometimes groups things together, particularly in cases where one of the enzymes makes or consumes toxic intermediates, and synthetic biologists would do well to pay attention to these types of interactions as they prepare their designs."
The research was funded by a fellowship from the National Library of Medicine Computational Biology and Medicine Training Program of the Keck Center of the Gulf Coast Consortia and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Rice University. The original article was written by Jade Boyd.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- J. Christian J Ray, Oleg A. Igoshin. Interplay of Gene Expression Noise and Ultrasensitive Dynamics Affects Bacterial Operon Organization. PLoS Computational Biology, 2012; 8 (8): e1002672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002672
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/HXDFb0H8mbQ/120830173502.htm
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Florida Atlantic vs Wagner Live Streaming NCAA College Football Online watch HD TV on Pc
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Source: http://www.thisis50.com/xn/detail/784568%3ATopic%3A30356289
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Thursday, August 30, 2012
Opportunities abound for intramural, club athletics | The Branding ...
With the start of a new school year, students often wonder how they can become active at the University and fill in any extra free time that they might have.
The University of Wyoming offers more than 50 different Intramural Sports annually in which any student currently enrolled can participate. Some of the activities have already started for entry and will go from now until Sept. 5. These activities include fantasy football, bouldering, flag football, outdoor soccer and Ultimate Frisbee.
Other intramural events that will begin doing sign-ups from Sept. 3 through Nov. 26 include miniature golf, softball, cricket, tennis, paintball, volleyball, basketball, water polo, track, wallyball, floor hockey, racquetball, badminton and Bowling.
Individuals looking for more serious competition in sports also can get involved with the campus? club sports. Club sports are different from intramural because they require a more serious level of competition, but not that of an intercollegiate athlete. Club sports for the upcoming year include badminton, baseball, cricket, cycling, fencing, men?s hockey, men?s rugby, Nordic skiing, racquetball, shotgun sports, Ultimate Frisbee, women?s hockey, women?s lacrosse, women?s rugby, women?s soccer, women?s softball, women?s volleyball, tennis, horseshow, wen?s water polo and men?s lacrosse.
For those interested in more information about these activities or those who are wanting to signup can visit the University website and go to the link for ?Campus Recreation.?? Students also can visit UW?s Half Acre Recreation Facility for more details and information.
Source: http://www.brandingirononline.info/2012/08/30/opportunities-abound-for-intramural-club-athletics/
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Lyme retreatment guidance may be flawed
![[ Back to EurekAlert! ]](http://www.eurekalert.org/images/back2e.gif){kind=small}
Public release date: 30-Aug-2012[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: David Orenstein
david_orenstein@brown.edu
401-863-1862
Brown University
Statistical analysis questions evidence discouraging retreatment, coverage
PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] Most doctors treat Lyme disease with antibiotics for two to four weeks after diagnosis, but if symptoms persist after that, medical guidelines recommend against antibiotic retreatment. That recommendation may not be warranted. A newly published statistical review of the four studies upon which those guidelines are based reports flaws in design, analysis, and interpretation that call into question the strength of the evidence against retreatment.
Allison DeLong, a biostatistician at Brown University's Center for Statistical Sciences and lead author of the study published online Aug. 19, 2012, in Contemporary Clinical Trials, said the four studies do not prove that retreatment does not work. That questionable interpretation, however, has led doctors to forgo treatment and insurance companies to withhold reimbursement.
"The goal of the paper is to clarify what was actually found from these clinical trials and what could be said and what couldn't be said," DeLong said. "A lack of evidence should not be used to deny treatment when the studies have serious flaws."
Evidence in the trials is most often inconclusive, she and three co-authors found. Two studies even found some statistically significant benefits from antibiotics.
DeLong has been curious about Lyme disease retreatment for more than a decade since a friend of hers seemed to benefit from therapy. Her friend paid for the treatment out-of-pocket. Statisticians would call that anecdote an "n of 1," but the example stuck with DeLong as more people, including journalists, began to question whether retreatment really was ineffective.
In 2009 and 2010, DeLong and her colleagues decided to look into the matter with full statistical rigor. Their analysis started by scanning the medical literature for any randomized clinical trials offering evidence of the efficacy of antibiotic retreatment for Lyme disease. Careful review of more than 100 studies ultimately whittled the field down to the four studies on which the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Academy of Neurology are based their guidelines.
The most influential studies were conducted by Klempner et al., and published together in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2001. The multicenter trials enrolled chronic Lyme sufferers with positive or negative blood serum results for Immunoglobulin G, an antibody that might indicate active infection. In each of the IgG positive and negative groups, patients either received IV antibiotics followed by oral antibiotics or IV placebo followed by oral placebo. Their symptoms were measured along the way using a subjective set of health quality-of-life measures called the SF-36.
Although Klempner et al. found no significant benefit to retreatment, findings from subsequent SF-36 studies in chronic illnesses provide evidence that the Klempner study was looking for unrealistically large differences.
"The trials, as designed, called for treatment effects considerably larger than the minimum clinically important differences (MCID) identified in other chronic illnesses, suggesting that the sample sizes were inadequate and the trials were very likely underpowered to detect the true underlying MCIDs," DeLong and her co-authors wrote in the journal.
Klempner's statistics showed that treatment might or might not have been effective given the broad range of a statistical measure known as the confidence interval, DeLong said.
In another of the four trials conducted by Krupp et al., researchers found that retreatment produced a significant benefit for fatigue, but the authors of the study mistakenly discounted that result, DeLong said.
The authors became concerned that their results were tainted by too many subjects realizing that they were receiving real treatment instead of the placebo. The measure of fatigue is subjective and could be influenced by that realization. But DeLong found that the subjects weren't likely to have realized anything. Here's why: If the members of each group have a blindly optimistic seven in 10 chance of believing that they received real medicine, then the people who really were would be right seven out of 10 times and the people receiving the placebo would only be right 3 out of 10 times. The people receiving the medicine would seem like they had discovered their status, but in reality they were only making a lucky, optimistic guess.
While the Krupp study was adequately powered to measure a significant benefit from fatigue, it had less power to measure the two other treatment effects it considered: improvements in cognitive processing and clearance of a potential Lyme disease biomarker, DeLong said.
The last of the four studies, by Fallon et al., had a very small sample size. It found hints of some benefits from retreatment but nothing definitive either positively or negatively.
Ultimately, DeLong said, the best evidence to support or refute antibiotic retreatment will come when scientists develop a definitive test for active Lyme disease infection. In the interim, it is possible that chronic Lyme disease patients harbor an ongoing infection that antibiotics could treat.
"The interpretation of the trials goes too far," she said. "You can't say it's been shown that retreatment is not beneficial. You can't then jump to the conclusion that this shows there is no persistence of infection."
###
In addition to DeLong, the paper's other authors are statistics graduate student Barbara Blossom of Colorado State University, Dr. Elizabeth Maloney of Wyoming, Minn., and Dr. Steven Phillips of Greenwich Hospital in Connecticut.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 30-Aug-2012[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: David Orenstein
david_orenstein@brown.edu
401-863-1862
Brown University
Statistical analysis questions evidence discouraging retreatment, coverage
PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] Most doctors treat Lyme disease with antibiotics for two to four weeks after diagnosis, but if symptoms persist after that, medical guidelines recommend against antibiotic retreatment. That recommendation may not be warranted. A newly published statistical review of the four studies upon which those guidelines are based reports flaws in design, analysis, and interpretation that call into question the strength of the evidence against retreatment.
Allison DeLong, a biostatistician at Brown University's Center for Statistical Sciences and lead author of the study published online Aug. 19, 2012, in Contemporary Clinical Trials, said the four studies do not prove that retreatment does not work. That questionable interpretation, however, has led doctors to forgo treatment and insurance companies to withhold reimbursement.
"The goal of the paper is to clarify what was actually found from these clinical trials and what could be said and what couldn't be said," DeLong said. "A lack of evidence should not be used to deny treatment when the studies have serious flaws."
Evidence in the trials is most often inconclusive, she and three co-authors found. Two studies even found some statistically significant benefits from antibiotics.
DeLong has been curious about Lyme disease retreatment for more than a decade since a friend of hers seemed to benefit from therapy. Her friend paid for the treatment out-of-pocket. Statisticians would call that anecdote an "n of 1," but the example stuck with DeLong as more people, including journalists, began to question whether retreatment really was ineffective.
In 2009 and 2010, DeLong and her colleagues decided to look into the matter with full statistical rigor. Their analysis started by scanning the medical literature for any randomized clinical trials offering evidence of the efficacy of antibiotic retreatment for Lyme disease. Careful review of more than 100 studies ultimately whittled the field down to the four studies on which the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Academy of Neurology are based their guidelines.
The most influential studies were conducted by Klempner et al., and published together in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2001. The multicenter trials enrolled chronic Lyme sufferers with positive or negative blood serum results for Immunoglobulin G, an antibody that might indicate active infection. In each of the IgG positive and negative groups, patients either received IV antibiotics followed by oral antibiotics or IV placebo followed by oral placebo. Their symptoms were measured along the way using a subjective set of health quality-of-life measures called the SF-36.
Although Klempner et al. found no significant benefit to retreatment, findings from subsequent SF-36 studies in chronic illnesses provide evidence that the Klempner study was looking for unrealistically large differences.
"The trials, as designed, called for treatment effects considerably larger than the minimum clinically important differences (MCID) identified in other chronic illnesses, suggesting that the sample sizes were inadequate and the trials were very likely underpowered to detect the true underlying MCIDs," DeLong and her co-authors wrote in the journal.
Klempner's statistics showed that treatment might or might not have been effective given the broad range of a statistical measure known as the confidence interval, DeLong said.
In another of the four trials conducted by Krupp et al., researchers found that retreatment produced a significant benefit for fatigue, but the authors of the study mistakenly discounted that result, DeLong said.
The authors became concerned that their results were tainted by too many subjects realizing that they were receiving real treatment instead of the placebo. The measure of fatigue is subjective and could be influenced by that realization. But DeLong found that the subjects weren't likely to have realized anything. Here's why: If the members of each group have a blindly optimistic seven in 10 chance of believing that they received real medicine, then the people who really were would be right seven out of 10 times and the people receiving the placebo would only be right 3 out of 10 times. The people receiving the medicine would seem like they had discovered their status, but in reality they were only making a lucky, optimistic guess.
While the Krupp study was adequately powered to measure a significant benefit from fatigue, it had less power to measure the two other treatment effects it considered: improvements in cognitive processing and clearance of a potential Lyme disease biomarker, DeLong said.
The last of the four studies, by Fallon et al., had a very small sample size. It found hints of some benefits from retreatment but nothing definitive either positively or negatively.
Ultimately, DeLong said, the best evidence to support or refute antibiotic retreatment will come when scientists develop a definitive test for active Lyme disease infection. In the interim, it is possible that chronic Lyme disease patients harbor an ongoing infection that antibiotics could treat.
"The interpretation of the trials goes too far," she said. "You can't say it's been shown that retreatment is not beneficial. You can't then jump to the conclusion that this shows there is no persistence of infection."
###
In addition to DeLong, the paper's other authors are statistics graduate student Barbara Blossom of Colorado State University, Dr. Elizabeth Maloney of Wyoming, Minn., and Dr. Steven Phillips of Greenwich Hospital in Connecticut.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-08/bu-lrg083012.php
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Understanding Heartburn: Day 1 ? Dr Nipun Aggarwal,MD, MBA, MHT
In Health, Healthcare, Medicine on August 30, 2012 at 8:00 am
What is Heartburn/GERD?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a more serious form of gastroesophageal reflux (GER), which is common. GER?occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) opens spontaneously, for varying periods of time, or does not close properly and stomach contents rise up into the esophagus. GER is also called acid reflux or acid regurgitation, because digestive juices?called acids?rise up with the food. The esophagus is the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. The LES is a ring of muscle at the bottom of the esophagus that acts like a valve between the esophagus and stomach.When acid reflux occurs, food or fluid can be tasted in the back of the mouth. When refluxed stomach acid touches the lining of the esophagus it may cause a burning sensation in the chest or throat called heartburn or acid indigestion. Occasional GER is common and does not necessarily mean one has GERD. Persistent reflux that occurs more than twice a week is considered GERD, and it can eventually lead to more serious health problems. People of all ages?can have GERD.
Source: http://draggarwal.org/2012/08/30/understanding-heartburn-day-1/
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Tech Tuesday: Politicians And The Internet 08/28 by Caribbean ...
Marx & Julie interview Peter D. Adkison about his new web series The First Paladin. And then they chat with filmmakers Thomas Koch and Chuck Marshall about their new fantasy series Magehaven.
Find out tips and tricks for making the most of eyelashes from lash specialist Kimberly Love! Tune in for everything you need to know about eyelash extensions, lash dips and perms, and more.
Author Susan Heim shares 101 newlywed stories of love, laughter, and family from her newly released Chicken Soup for the Soul book series: Here Comes the Bride, on FMMK Talk Radio.
Host Tim Gordon and a group of film critics will take a look at some of the most anticipated films of the season with our 2012 Fall Movie Preview.
The Feminine Soul Radio Show welcomes Katie Cavanaugh, one of the four Co-Creators of ?The Healer?s Gathering?, a transformative event to inspire and celebrate The New Healer For The New World.
Guy Magar joins Movie Addict HQ to discuss "Kiss Me Quick Before I Shoot," his entertaining memoir about working as a filmmaker in Hollywood. Did he almost decapitate Drew Barrymore and discover James Cameron? Listen in to find out!
Stacey Monroe welcomes the Raw Miami Crew members to E! GEMZ! Radio! to speak about their life and performance talent. They perform from from ?Break dancing? or Bboying, to hand balancing, stunts and acrobatics, including martial arts and circus acts.
The Paralympic Games open tomorrow in London and World Footprints will introduce you to former Paralympic champions and one, Anjali Forber-Pratt, an Olympic Bronze Medalist who has her sights set a Gold Medal in Track & Field in London.
From a Hall of Fame football career to battling Krabbe disease, (a disorder killing children every year)Jim Kelly is still competing at Super Bowl levels. Jim & Jill Kelly join Scott McCausey on Christian Devotions Speak UP to discuss all this and more!
Guy Kawasaki will be on the show live to tell you everything you need to know about Google+, one of the fastest growing social networks. Currently, over 2.7 million Google+ users have Guy in circles and he is the author of, What the Plus, Google+ For The Rest of Us.
James M. Tate's guest will be Antonio Fargas, who played Huggy Bear on Starsky & Hutch and also appeared in the cult classics Foxy Brown and Car Wash.
Gabriel Ayala back for an evening of his unique Jazz Menco music! Gabriel believes in leading our children in the right direction through his philosophy, ?Love your children, Honor your elders, and Respect your women?. Gabriel wants to share the gift of music
The Tribute Series catches up with Jessica Morris who portrayed Jenn Rappaport on daytimes One Life to Live. We will see what it was like working on OLTL and see what she is up to now with her new projects.
Kick Ass Fantasy Football is back for the 2012 Fantasy Football Season! Were are hear to help you Cruise to a Championship every Tuesday and Wednesday evening at 9:00 pm and Thursdays at 7:00 pm.
Kelly Carlin, only child of iconic comic, George Carlin, talks with Olivia Wilder about her one-woman play, "A Carlin Home Companion," which is selling out theaters, and features storytelling and family memorabilia along with classic footage.
Sports-Kings founder Jason Whitney and Co-Host Ben Jones interview the great Adam Carolla. They talk sports, politics and much more
We're still talking about "Getting Ready to Go Back To School." Is your child ready? Is your child's teacher ready? Are our Parents ready? Tune in as we discuss current educational issues and as we bring on parents, teachers, and administrators to share th
Source: http://www.blogtalkradio.com/caribbeanradioshow/2012/08/29/tech-tuesday-politicians-and-the-internet
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Wednesday, August 29, 2012
Journalist arrested in computer hacking probe
Police arrested a journalist on Wednesday on suspicion of computer hacking as part of their wider investigation into alleged breaches of privacy.
The 28-year-old man was being questioned at a north London police station about the identification of a previously anonymous blogger in 2009, London's Metropolitan Police said in a statement.
Media reports named the man as Patrick Foster, a former reporter at The Times newspaper.
It is understood his arrest relates to the unmasking by the newspaper of a policeman who blogged under the name Nightjack.
He is the 11th person to be arrested under Operation Tuleta, a police probe into alleged computer hacking and privacy breaches running alongside inquiries into the phone-hacking scandal at Rupert Murdoch's now-defunct News of the World tabloid.
Officers from Operation Tuleta arrested the man at his home in north London at around 7:00 am (0600 GMT), the statement said.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/journalist-arrested-computer-hacking-probe-101114908.html
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Samsung announces Series 5 and Series 7 Windows 8 tablets with S Pen apps, optional keyboards
Samsung already showed off its Series 5 Hybrid back at Computex, but what we didn't know was that Sammy had yet another tablet / laptop mash-up in the works. The company just formally announced the Series 5 and it turns out it's going to be joined by the next-gen Series 7 Slate as well. (Also known as the ATIV tabs in regions outside the US.) The two 11-inch tablets more or less look alike, except the Series 5 is powered by an Atom-based Clover Trail processor, while the Series 7 packs Core i5 guts. Both support pen input, and will come with the same S Pen apps found on the Galaxy Note 10.1. As for that optional keyboard dock, Samsung previously touted its magnetic hinge, but the dock has since been retooled with a sturdier latch-based mechanism. (Check out the video below to see it in action -- the tablet really does seem incapable of falling out.)
As you can imagine, that difference in processor entails more than just different clock speeds. The two-watt Atom chip inside the Series 5 is rated for about nine hours of battery life, whereas the Core i5-powered Series 7 is expected to last between four and five hours on a charge. (The Series 5 is lighter, too, at 1.65 pounds, compared with 1.89 for the Series 7.) And, being a lower-powered device, the Series 5 has no vents. Last major difference: the Series 7 has a 1080p screen, while the Series 5's resolution tops out at 1,366 x 768.
On the software side, Samsung is loading all of its Win 8 systems with its various Media Hubs -- yes, just like the ones you'll find on the company's Android devices. You'll also find AllShare, a DLNA media-sharing app; S-Launcher, a widget that replicates the missing Start Menu in Windows 8; and eSettings, a centralized options menu for folks who maybe haven't learned where all the settings are in Win 8. As for those S Pen applications, you've got S Note, among other carry-overs from the Android side. As with the Note 10.1, the pen itself can recognize 1,024 degrees of pressure sensitivity.
Both tablets will arrive October 26th, the day Windows 8 starts shipping. The Series 7 will be available in one $1,119 configuration with 4GB of RAM, a 128GB SSD and the keyboard. The Series 5, meanwhile, will cost $649, and will include 2GB of RAM and a 64GB solid-state drive. If you like, you can purchase the keyboard for $99, or you can buy the two as a bundle for $749. We'll be back with reviews in October but until then, check out our walk-through below. (Note: we didn't get a chance to play with AllShare, the S Pen apps or the Hubs, but hopefully we can give you a more detailed demo of the software soon.)
Samsung announces Series 5 and Series 7 Windows 8 tablets with S Pen apps, optional keyboards originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 29 Aug 2012 13:00:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
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Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/fxOM09nvNqQ/
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Tuesday, August 28, 2012
Home Plumbing 101: The Basics of Common ... - Building Moxie
When it comes to the plumbing in your home, just think ?water.? Plumbing in the simplest of terms accounts for water that enters and leaves a home or other building through a designated system. This system consists of a supply line where water comes from, a drain or waste line where water exits, and a vent where waste is maintained and sewer gases are eliminated. Each system works with the others to deliver water to your home, properly dispose of it, and control sewer gases for your safety.
There are many things that can go wrong with plumbing, from simple fixes to large messes. Clogs and leaks are common problems that can range from minor to serious- it just depends. The extent of the clog, area of the leak, and other factors influence the severity of these types of plumbing problems. Remember to contact a professional plumber in emergency situations and to handle repairs, big or small.
Common Plumbing Problems, Typical Causes, and Solutions
* Clogged Toilet
When your toilet clogs, chances are something is stuck in the trap through which waste exits. In most cases, plunging the toilet will help to clear the clog. Otherwise, using a toilet auger can help to reach further into the toilet trap to release the clog, but it must be done carefully to avoid any damage. For more serious clogs, a plumber can work his magic to clear them and will do so with necessary care.
* Leaking Toilet
There are several areas from which a toilet can leak: the supply tube; the fill valve; mounting bolts within the tank; the tank-to-bowl valve; and the at base of the toilet bowl. Oftentimes, a leak is the result of worn or broken parts, such as gaskets that keep mounting bolts in place. Mounting bolts connect the toilet tank to the toilet bowl. Leaks that come from the toilet base usually indicate deterioration or wearing of parts that keep the toilet sealed to the floor. Replacing the damaged parts will usually fix the leak, but you could consult with a licensed plumber before the problem gets worse.
* Clogged Drain
Drains in your bathroom and kitchen often become clogged due to the buildup of a common substance. For instance, hair is the most common in bathroom sinks and showers, and food residue or grease is the most common in kitchen 
sinks. In the kitchen, pouring boiling hot water down the drain may work to release the clog as well as eliminate bacteria and any odors. In the bathroom, getting into the pop-up mechanism or strainer to remove hair and other debris will usually do the trick. More serious clogs may indicate a problem with your sewer line. If so, contact a professional plumber to assess your drain situation.
* Leaking Faucet
Similar to a toilet leak, faucet leaks are often the result of corroded parts. At the handle, a faucet leak may be due to a loose packing nut. The water will need to be shut off at the shutoff valve, the faucet opened, and the handle removed in order to tighten the packing nut, which may need replaced. A leak at the faucet spout could be from a worn washer or valve seat, which could also be replaced.
*******
When worse comes to worse, don?t try to guess at your plumbing problem. When water is involved, the situation can turn critical fast. From serious leaks to a sewage backup, leave it to the pros. Your plumbing is an essential part of your home that keeps things running smoothly, and it can continue that way when repairs and replacements are done correctly and securely.
*******
Gillece Services provides top quality service in Plumbing, Heating, Cooling, and Electrical, as well as Indoor Air Quality, Water Quality, and Waterproofing. Want to learn more about plumbing? Visit Gillece at http://gillece.com.
*Photo Credit :: Eli ? http://www.flickr.com/photos/elisfanclub/
Source: http://www.buildingmoxie.com/2012/08/home-plumbing-101-the-basics-of-common-plumbing-problems/
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What You Need to Know About Hiring a Contractor
Nellie Akalp is the CEO of CorpNet.com, an online legal document filing service, where she helps entrepreneurs incorporate or form an LLC for their new businesses. Connect with Nellie on Twitter or visit her free resource center.
The contract workforce is fast becoming the new normal. Independent workers now make up 30% of the nation's workforce, according to the Freelancers Union. Online employment middleman Elance is also experiencing record growth, hitting more than $500 million in total freelancer earnings since 2007.
[More from Mashable: 10 Charming iPhone Cases for Kids]
The uncertainty in the economy undoubtedly drove many employers to hire freelance or contract workers in place of full-time employees. Along the way, many employers also quickly recognized the unique benefits of this approach, particularly that the cloud offers a vast pool of experts ready to pitch in at a moment?s notice.
However, this new workforce dynamic carries tricky legal implications for employers. There?s widespread misunderstanding about when an individual meets the legal requirements to be treated as a contractor versus a full-time employee. Here?s what to consider.
[More from Mashable: YouTube?s One-Click Video Enhancer Started With a Crazy Idea]
The Difference Between a Full-time Employee and a Contractor
Whether a worker is an independent contractor or employee generally boils down to how much control is exercised by the employer. In other words, you can't force someone to work 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., but you can ask they work 20 hours a week. This is true even for part-time or short-term help.
For a more formal approach, the Small Business Association outlines the differences between contractor and employee as follows:
- An independent contractor: Operates under a business name, has his/her own employees; maintains a separate business checking account; advertises his/her business' services; invoices for work done; has more than one client; has own tools and sets own hours; keeps business records.
- An employee: Performs duties dictated or controlled by others; is given training for work to be done; works for only one employer.
The Consequences of a Misclassification Error
Misclassification errors are common. A 2000 Labor Department study (the most recent available) found that 10% to 30% of companies, audited across nine states, misclassified some employees.
If you make a mistake in classifying an employee as an independent contractor, you can be forced to pay back taxes and penalties for federal and state income taxes, social security, medicare, and unemployment. In addition, you may be liable to reimburse the worker for any wages you should have paid them under the Fair Labor Standards Act, such as overtime and minimum wage. And in some cases, you may be required to provide employee benefits, such as health insurance.
How to Stay out of Trouble When Hiring Contractors
The IRS is keenly aware that businesses have been downsizing full-time employers to independent contractors over the past decade. As a result, they have been cracking down on the misclassification of contract workers. However, this fact shouldn?t deter you from taking advantage of the independent workforce. But you do need to be savvy when hiring independent contractors. Here?s what to remember.
- Be sure to issue a Form 1099 for all independent contractors. This will be one of the first things an auditor will ask for.
- Be careful about the amount of control and supervision you exert over a contractor. For example, make sure your contractors can set their own hours.
- Hire independent contractors who have other clients, or who are actively marketing their services.
- Don?t hire a contractor to perform the same service or duties as your company. For example, if you own a plumbing business, it?s perfectly reasonable to hire a contract web designer. But hiring a contract plumber could raise a red flag.
This story originally published on Mashable here.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/know-hiring-contractor-170745902.html
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Forex day trading is often a type of investing that lots of forex traders ...
Fx Dealing Rapidly And Furious ? Is it possible to Earn a living Forex Day Trading?
Forex day trading is often a type of investing that lots of forex traders get entangled in. This is specifically so for individuals who are trying to find brief revenue. Some traders also similar to the quickly and occasionally furious (particularly when they?re losing money) pace when compared to other types of fx investments.
Once you split it down, it might appear to be just a little curious since the profitability earning has a bigger percentage than extended phrase investments, nevertheless it may be the hazard of day buying and selling that maintains most investors away from it.
Whilst it?s dangerous, there are certain merits to currency trading day investing due to the velocity in the trading cycle. In essence,?asics you are taking advantage of day-to-day developments and trying to get out and in rapidly whilst even now building a decent gain. You may not make approximately a protracted time period package, but as a result of actuality you\?re building lots a lot more deals, it could be just as worthwhile.
Yet another favorable of currency trading day buying and selling is the fact that you might be not exposed towards the moves of your sector following it shuts down much like the very long expression investors are. You might be out and in of your trades on a daily basis and might slumber straightforward in the evening recognizing your revenue are in the bank.
These days, there is a proliferation of currency trading computer software that claims to crank out foreign exchange indicators with extremely superior degree of precision. Some of these so called automatic fx trading system may even do the trade in your case. Do not have faith in anything they are saying. Previously you buy any of these currency trading application, be certain you visit some foreign exchange community forums to discover what other people have to say about them.
Nevertheless, it is not all strawberries and whipped cream with day buying and selling. There are estimates that about 80% of your traders which can be involved with this phase on the marketplace are actually shedding funds!
As we said before, you will find a much bigger hazard associated with day buying and selling plus a number of traders merely you should not understand this whenever they first dive in and therefore are not approaching the forex trading current market by using a proven product that generates the appropriate forex trading indicators and so they close up dropping their shirts. This is more than probable wherever forex trading will at times be talked about negatively.
The truth is that a lot of the day traders aren?t actually investing with their very own dollars. These are employing leveraged forex accounts and when they take a major decline, they can?t satisfy their margins and they stop up in financial debt. It?s not necessarily the?http://www.asicsincanada.ca/ marketplace that is poor, it is the trader generating the deals.
The sole accurate approach to come across out if day buying and selling is for you personally is usually to check out it out. Any time you make this happen, be certain which you use a extremely conservative technique which means you don?t drop target to losing too much dollars in case you realize that it?s not at all for you personally. It is possible to absolutely earn a living day investing, even so the reality is this area of interest of your forex trading marketplace will not be designed for all people.
Fx Dealing Rapidly And Furious ? Is it possible to Earn a living Forex Day Trading?
Forex day trading is often a type of investing that lots of forex traders get entangled in. This is specifically so for individuals who are trying to find brief revenue. Some traders also similar to the quickly and occasionally furious (particularly when they?re losing money) pace when compared to other types of fx investments.
Once you split it down, it might appear to be just a little curious since the profitability earning has a bigger percentage than extended phrase investments, nevertheless it may be the hazard of day buying and selling that maintains most investors away from it.
Whilst it?s dangerous, there are certain merits to currency trading day investing due to the velocity in the trading cycle. In essence, you are taking advantage of day-to-day developments and trying to get out and in rapidly whilst even now building a decent gain. You may not make approximately a protracted time period package, but as a result of actuality you\?re building lots a lot more deals, it could be just as worthwhile.
Yet another favorable of currency trading day buying and selling is the fact that you might be not exposed towards the moves of your sector following it shuts down much like the very long expression investors are. You might be out and in of your trades on a daily basis and might slumber straightforward in the evening recognizing your revenue are in the bank.
These days, there is a proliferation of currency trading computer software that claims to crank out foreign exchange indicators with extremely superior degree of precision. Some of these so called automatic fx trading system may even do the trade in your case. Do not have faith in anything they are saying. Previously you buy any of these currency trading application, be certain you visit some foreign exchange community forums to discover what other people have to say about them.
Nevertheless, it is not all strawberries and whipped cream with day buying and selling. There are estimates that about 80% of your traders which can be involved with this phase on the marketplace are actually shedding funds!
As we said before, you will find a much bigger hazard associated with day buying and selling plus a number of traders merely you should not understand this whenever they first dive in and therefore are not approaching the forex trading current market by using a proven product that generates the appropriate forex trading indicators and so they close up dropping their shirts. This is more than probable wherever forex trading will at times be talked?Onitsuka Tiger 60th Anniversary about negatively.
The truth is that a lot of the day traders aren?t actually investing with their very own dollars. These are employing leveraged forex accounts and when they take a major decline, they can?t satisfy their margins and they stop up in financial debt. It?s not necessarily the marketplace that is poor, it is the trader generating the deals.
The sole accurate approach to come across out if day buying and selling is for you personally is usually to check out it out. Any time you make this happen, be certain which you use a extremely conservative technique which means you don?t drop target to losing too much dollars in case you realize that it?s not at all for you personally. It is possible to absolutely earn a living day investing, even so the reality is this area of interest of your forex trading marketplace will not be designed for all people.
Source: http://www.ilovesak.org/forum/?p=12924
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Monday, August 27, 2012
Treasure Coast Real Estate | Westwood Country Estates Homes For ...
Find Westwood Country Estates Homes For Sale and Westwood Country Estates Home Values. We also have information on mortgages, insurance, movers and other Treasure Coast Real Estate Services for anyone looking to sell or buy a home in beautiful Martin COUNTY Florida.
Paul Kitchen and Starfish Team provide clients, family and close friends with professional, honest and dependable service. A resident of Treasure Coast, Paul is extremely familiar with the local neighborhoods including Westwood Country Estates, school districts and the Treasure Coast Real Estate market in this beautiful Florida town.
Paul Kitchen
Broker-Owner
Starfish Real Estate
8985 SE Bridge Road Hobe Sound, Florida 33455
(561) 935-9412
(800) 793-7304 toll free
Treasure Coast Real Estate
Treasure Coast Real Estate Blog
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Riba Business Lawyers ? Is it a Franchise or a Licence?
Have you ever wondered whether licencing or franchising is the best model to grow your business? ?Many people wanting to avoid the cost and regulation of franchising will consider licencing as an alternative. ?But is licensing your business model really an alternative to franchising? ?What is licensing anyway and what is the difference between a franchise and a licence?
Firstly you cannot convert a franchise to a licence simply by changing the name at the top of the document. ?The label given to the arrangement has no influence over the legal effect of the arrangement. ?Franchising is just a form of licensing.
Whether the relationship that you wish to establish is really a franchise or a licence can be determined only in one way. ?The franchising Code of conduct defines certain arrangements as a franchise. ?The code provides that if certain ingredients are present then a franchise exists. ?The code does not mention the label allocated to the arrangement as one of the factors to consider.
We have summarized the way the code defines a franchise as follows:
- A Franchise Agreement can be written, verbal or implied.
- In the franchise agreement a person grants to another person the right to offer or supply goods or services under a system controlled or suggested by the person granting the right.
- The business must be substantially connected with a trademark or advertising owned by the person granting the right (or an associate of that person)
- The person receiving the right must be required to make a payment for the right.
You may see from the definition above that it may be difficult for most licensors to avoid the regulation of the Franchising Code of conduct. ?It is not however impossible. ?There are some technical ways that the code can be avoided for instance, a cooperative is not a franchise.
The only obvious way to avoid the code, is to avoid one of the ingredients:
1. the grantor of the right must exercise little or no control over the business of the franchisee or,
2. the grantor must charge less than the wholesale price for the goods or services provided,
3. the person granted the right must not associate their business with the trademark of the grantor.
A good example of a relationship that at first might look like a franchise but, which is often not a franchise relationship, is a distributorship relationship. This is because of a lack of control and a disconnect with the trademark of the appointor of the distributor.
A partnership agreement is also generally not a franchise relationship.
So what then is a licence? ?A license is simply an arrangement under which one party is granted certain rights which fall outside the definition in the Franchising Code of Conduct.
Please contact us if you wish to know whether your licensing arrangement can be structured to avoid the operation of the Franchising Code of Conduct.
Why should you care whether you comply with the Franchising Code? ?We suggest you read our article published back in December 2011. What happens if a Franchisor breaches the Code?
Strength Through Knowledge
Franchising, Leasing, Acquisitions
Head office: ?34 Duporth?Avenue, Maroochydore, Sunshine Coast, Queensland.
Maroochydore: ?07? 54791488
Brisbane: ?31032115
Source: http://www.ribalaw.com.au/what-is-the-difference-between-a-franchise-and-a-licence/
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